Sleep deprivation, which can exacerbate seizures, should be avoided. Activities in which a sudden loss of consciousness could lead to injury or death (e.g., bathing, swimming, driving, or working/playing at heights). Surveillance: Serial neuropsychological evaluation for neurologic, cognitive, and behavioral deterioration EEG monitoring for new or different seizure types polysomnography should be considered if obstructive or central sleep apnea is suspected.Īgents/circumstances to avoid: ASMs: carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and vigabatrin, which can induce or increase myoclonic seizures phenytoin, which can induce choreoathetosis rufinamide may exacerbate seizures as well acetaminophen, which is hepatotoxic. Persons with epilepsy should be made aware of motor vehicle driving laws. Prevention of secondary complications: Use of protective helmets by individuals with atonic seizures or myoclonic-astatic epilepsy. Routine seizure and personal safety education is indicated. Parents are advised to take a CPR course. Use of the ketogenic diet to decrease seizure frequency has been beneficial in some affected individuals. Phenobarbital is effective but poorly tolerated because of its effects on cognition. Levetiracetam is often effective, but may make seizures worse in some individuals. Anti-seizure medication (ASM): clobazam (can be used for treatment of seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) stiripentol, benzodiazepines, cannabidiol, topiramate, levetiracetam, valproic acid, and ethosuximide. Seizure control is critical to prevent permanent injury and death. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.Treatment of manifestations: Care is best provided by a physician (e.g., pediatric epileptologist) familiar with the pharmacotherapy for this disorder. Together, our study provides a comprehensive structural repertoire for the reconstruction and analysis of PFC neural network. Finally, integrative dendrite-axon analysis uncovered the organization of potential intra-column, inter-hemispheric and inter-column connectivity among projection neuron types in PFC. Furthermore, correspondence analysis among dendrites, local axons and long-range axons revealed coherent morphological changes associated with electrophysiological phenotypes. We uncovered 24 morphologically distinguishable dendrite subtypes in 1,515 pyramidal projection neurons and 405 atypical pyramidal projection neurons and spiny stellate neurons with unique axon projection patterns. We identified morphological variations of somata, dendrites and axons across laminar layers and PFC subregions and the general rules of somatodendritic scaling with cytoarchitecture. Here we report the complete dendrite and axon morphology of nearly 2,000 neurons in mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC). The structures of dendrites and axons form the basis for the connectivity of neural network, but their precise relationship at single-neuron level remains unclear.
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